The Dodici Buonomini ('Twelve Good Men') played a significant and influential role in the governance of Florence during the city’s republican era. Established in 1321, this body consisted of twelve men elected from the citizenry who formed one of the auxiliary colleges that the Signoria (government of Florence) consulted in carrying out its duties. It embodied Florence’s commitment to civic participation and shared governance. Their primary function was to serve as advisors to the Signoria, the city’s executive council, by assisting in administrative duties and providing guidance on political matters. They also participated in decision-making by casting votes on issues crucial to the Republic. The Dodici Buonomini operated as part of Florence’s intricate and balanced republican government, designed to distribute power across various institutions and prevent any one group from dominating. Alongside them functioned other auxiliary bodies, such as the Sedici Gonfalonieri (also created in 1321), who were tied to Florence’s military companies and played a key role in maintaining civic order and defence. This layered system of governance underscored Florence’s emphasis on collaboration and collective responsibility, principles that defined its republican ideals. However, the Dodici Buonomini were formally abolished in 1532, along with the Signoria, marking the end of the Florentine Republic. With this transition, the Medici family established the Duchy of Florence under Alessandro de’ Medici, replacing the republic’s collaborative structures with a centralised hereditary monarchy. Official lists recording the names of members begin in December 1328.