The Virgin of the Rocks
Oil on panel, 189.5 × 120 cm, by Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1506–08
The National Gallery, London

In 1483, da Vinci was commissioned in Milan, along with the de Predis brothers, to provide three paintings for an altarpiece, with da Vinci tasked to paint the Virgin and Child. He commenced his portrait, but in 1499, he left Milan after the French captured the city. He later returned and completed it in 1508. Da Vinci's figures in his portrait are arranged in a pyramidal composition, a common technique of the period, to create a sense of balance and stability. He further emphasises this harmony by using subtle gestures and eye contact to connect the figures within the scene. They are masterfully situated within a mystical grotto, a secluded haven formed by towering rocks and a glistening pool of water. The interplay of light and shadow creates a sense of depth and realism, and imbues the scene with an air of mystery and drama. Two paintings of the Virgin of the Rocks by da Vinci exist, with the Louvre version traditionally considered the earlier work. Historians debated their origin, with theories suggesting either separate altarpieces or, more commonly, the London version replacing the Louvre version due to financial disputes and potential changes requested by patrons. However, infrared studies in 2005 and 2009 revealed significant differences, disproving the substitution theory. The underdrawing for this version reveals that da Vinci originally intended a different design, but clearly decided to create a similar picture to the picture held at the Louvre.