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Multinational and Transnational
 
Modern nations have emerged from a complex mix of historical forces, including the remnants of former empires, prolonged territorial disputes and the actions of multinational organisations; many borders reflect colonial arrangements or post-conflict settlements, with territories once governed by the British and Ottoman empires later divided into new states. Ongoing conflicts in Kashmir and the Israel–Palestine arena show that borders remain contested, while the European Union and the African Union have reshaped the political landscape by fostering new modes of cooperation and challenging older notions of sovereignty. These factors demonstrate that the contemporary map continues to be formed by layered historical legacies and current geopolitical realities.
 
 
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