Mediaeval depictions of Julius Caesar’s birth often show male figures conducting the caesarean, reflecting contemporary associations between surgery and male practitioners. Yet historical practice may have been more varied. In this scene, a midwife—supported by a female attendant—is shown delivering the infant, suggesting that women may have played a more active role in such procedures than the broader visual tradition implies. From the manuscript Caesar, translated by Jan Du Quesne (or Jean Duchesne), Bellum Gallicum (Les commentaires de César).