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Allegory of History
Oil on canvas, 113 x 81 cm, by Jusepe de Ribera, 1615–16
The State Hermitage Museum


A female figure, representing History, is draped in classical attire and looks beyond the frame with a composed yet assertive bearing. The dramatic use of chiaroscuro emphasises her expressive face and the symbolic objects she holds—a trumpet and a book inscribed with 'Thucydides', linking her to serious historical thought. The composition’s rich tonality and careful attention to texture align with Baroque tenebrist ideals of gravity and grandeur, whilst avoiding excess or decorative flourish.