The foetus in the womb, with other studies and notes
Pen and ink over red chalk on paper, 30.4 x 22 cm, by Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1511
The Royal Collection, London

This anatomical drawing provides a multifaceted exploration of human reproduction, but with a fascinating glimpse into the limitations of da Vinci's resources. The centrepiece is a meticulously detailed illustration of a dissected uterus. Within its opened cavity lies a foetus, positioned in complete breech with its legs crossed. Accompanying this central image are a series of smaller sketches. These sketches provide magnified views of specific structures, including the placenta, the surrounding tissues of the uterus, and even additional details of the foetus itself. Da Vinci's scientific curiosity extends beyond the main illustration. A geometric diagram theorises how the foetus might position itself for birth. However, annotations scattered across the page reveal both his insights and the limitations of his research. He explores the function of the umbilical cord and the structure of the placenta, but crucially, his understanding of the placenta is based on his dissections of a cow. This is evident in a note requesting further study of 'the secondine [fetal membranes] of calves' to understand the 'shape of the cotyledons'. Despite this reliance on animal models, da Vinci delves into philosophical concepts. One annotation ponders the possibility of a shared soul existing between mother and child, with further notes suggesting a connection between the mother's desires and potential markings on the infant. The work reflects da Vinci's dedication to both scientific inquiry and artistic expression. The detailed illustrations showcase his scientific rigour, while the use of red chalk and swirling lines hint at a deeper fascination with the mystery of life itself.

Provenance
Francesco Melzi
Pompeo Leoni, c. 1582-90
Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel, by 1630
Probably Charles II, King of Great Britain
Royal Collection, by 1690

Source: The Royal Collection, 2023.